Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
原子是由质子、电子和中子组成的,是物质中最小的粒子,它保留了物质的特性。 |
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
质子带正电荷,电子带负电荷,从而抵消了质子带的正电荷。 |
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
中子是与质子相似但带中性电荷的粒子。 |
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别,只是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥,相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。 |
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
如果一个带正电的质子和一个带负电的电子相互靠近,它们就会聚在一起形成一个氢原子。 |
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
这种斥力和引力(静止带电粒子之间的力)被称为静电力,从理论上可以延伸到无穷大,但随着粒子之间距离的增加而被稀释。 |
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
当一个原子有一个或多个丢失的电子时,它就带一个正电荷,当一个原子至少有一个多余的电子时,它就带一个负电荷。 |
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
带正电荷或负电荷使原子成为离子。 |
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
原子只有通过聚变、裂变和放射性衰变才能获得和失去质子和中子。 |
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
虽然原子是由许多粒子构成的,物体也是由许多原子构成的,但它们在排斥和吸引方面的行为与带电粒子相似。 |
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
在原子中,质子和中子结合在一起形成一个紧密结合的原子核。 |
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
原子核被一大片电子云所包围,这些电子在一定距离内围绕原子核旋转,但由于电磁引力(前面讨论过的静电力),这些电子云在质子附近聚集。 |
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在,在这些壳层/带的内部价电子被填满,并与原子紧密结合。 |
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
外层导电带不包含电子,只包含那些通过获得能量而加速到导电带的电子。 |
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
有了足够的能量,电子就能脱离原子(与太空火箭的逃逸速度相比)。 |
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
当传导带中的电子减速并落到另一个传导带或价带时,就会发射出光子。 |
This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
这就是众所周知的光电效应。 |