| A multinational corporation (MNC) is usually a large corporation incorporated in one country which produces or sells goods or services in various countries. |
跨国公司通常是一家在一个国家内注册成立但同时在众多不同国度里从事生产或者销售商品或服务的大型企业。 |
| The two main characteristics of MNCs are their large size and the fact that their worldwide activities are centrally controlled by the parent companies. |
跨国公司有两个主要特征其一是企业规模很大其二是他们的全球活动是由母公司集中控制的。 |
| Importing and exporting goods and services |
进出口货物和服务 |
| Making significant investments in a foreign country |
在国外进行重大投资活动 |
| Buying and selling licenses in foreign markets |
在海外市场采购和销售许可证 |
| Engaging in contract manufacturing—permitting a local manufacturer in a foreign country to produce their products |
参与承包合同制造过程（委托/代工）-允许本土化制造商在海外地区生产他们的产品 |
| Opening manufacturing facilities or assembly operations in foreign countries |
在国外设立生产设施或开设组装业务 |
| MNCs may gain from their global presence in a variety of ways. |
跨国公司可以通过多种多样的方式从他们的全球业务中获益。 |
| First of all, MNCs can benefit from the economy of scale by spreading R&D expenditures and advertising costs over their global sales, pooling global purchasing power over suppliers, and utilizing their technological and managerial know-how globally with minimal additional costs. |
首先，跨国公司可以通过规模经济的效应获益比如在全球销量的基础上分摊研发支出和广告成本，将整个国际市场的购买力集中给供应商，并且还以最小化的额外成本来使用其全球化的技术和管理知识。 |
| Furthermore, MNCs can use their global presence to take advantage of underpriced labor services available in certain developing countries, and gain access to special R&D capabilities residing in advanced foreign countries. |
此外，跨国公司可以通过其规模经济来利用某些发展中国家的廉价劳动力服务并且还能够在海外发达国家获得特殊研发能力。 |
| The problem of moral and legal constraints upon the behavior of multinational corporations, given that they are effectively "stateless" actors, is one of several urgent global socioeconomic problems that emerged during the late twentieth century. |
鉴于跨国公司实际上是“无国籍”的参与者，从道德和法律角度对跨国公司的行为进行约束的问题是在20世纪后期出现的几个紧迫的全球社会经济学问题之一。 |
| Potentially, the best concept for analyzing society's governance limitations over modern corporations is the concept of "stateless corporations". |
分析社会对现代企业的治理限制的最佳概念很有可能会是“无国籍企业”的概念。 |
| Coined at least as early as 1990 in Business Week, the conception was theoretically clarified in 1992: that an empirical strategy for defining a stateless corporation is with analytical tools at the intersection between demographic analysis and transportation research. |
这个概念最早是出现在1990年的商业周刊上，然后这个概念在1992年被从理论上进行了阐明：定义无国籍公司的实证策略是在人口分析和交通运输研究的交叉点（交互点）使用分析工具。 |
| This intersection is known as logistics management, and it describes the importance of rapidly increasing global mobility of resources. |
这种交叉被称为物流管理，它描述了全球资源流程的迅速增长的重要性。 |
| In a long history of analysis of multinational corporations we are some quarter century into an era of stateless corporations - corporations which meet the realities of the needs of source materials on a worldwide basis and to produce and customize products for individual countries. |
在对跨国公司进行分析的漫长历史中，我们已经走过了一个无国籍公司新纪元的四分之一个世纪；这些公司在全球范围的基础上满足原材料的现实需求，并为单个国家生产和定制产品。 |
| One of the first multinational business organizations, the East India Company, arose in 1600. |
最早期的跨国商业组织之一，东印度公司，出现于1600年。 |
| After the East India Company, came the Dutch East India Company, founded March 20, 1602, which would become the largest company in the world for nearly 200 years. |
在东印度公司之后，荷兰东印度公司成立于1602年03月20日，在其后的近200年间它成为了世界上最大的公司。 |
| The main characteristics of multinational companies are: |
跨国公司的主要特征是： |
| In general, there is a national strength of large companies as the main body, in the way of foreign direct investment or acquire local enterprises, established subsidiaries or branches in many countries; |
一般来说，母公司是依靠国家实力成立的大型企业，通过海外直接投资或者收购本土化企业的方式从而在众多的海外国家建立子公司或分支机构。 |
| It usually has a complete decision-making system and the highest decision-making center, each subsidiary or branch has its own decision-making body, according to their different features and operations to make decisions, but its decision must be subordinated to the highest decision-making center; |
它通常有一个完整的决策体系和最高的决策中心，每个子公司或分支机构都有自己的决策团队，根据他们不同的特点和行动来做决定；但子公司或分支机构的决策必须服从于最高决策中心。 |
| MNCs seek markets in worldwide and rational production layout, professional fixed-point production, fixed-point sales products, in order to achieve maximum profit; |
跨国公司在全球范围内寻找市场，进行合理的生产布局和专业的定点生产以及定点销售产品，以期待实现利润最大化的目标。 |
| Due to strong economic and technical strength, with fast information transmission, as well as funding for rapid cross-border transfers, the multinational has stronger competitiveness in the world; |
因为有很强的经济和技术实力，快速的信息传递以及快速的跨境资金转移能力，跨国公司在全球享有更强的竞争力。 |
| Many large multinational companies have varying degrees of monopoly in some area, due to economic and technical strength or production advantages. |
很多的跨国公司在某些领域有不同程度的垄断是因为它们在经济和技术上的实力或生产优势所形成的。 |
