| Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
Atomlar — moddaning xususiyatlarini saqlab qoladigan eng kichik zarralar bo‘lib, protonlar, elektronlar va neytronlardan iborat. |
| Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
Protonlar musbat zaryadga ega, elektronlar esa protonning musbat zaryadini neytrallaydigan manfiy zaryadga ega. |
| Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
Neytronlar protonlarga o‘xshash, biroq neytral zaryadga ega bo‘lgan zarralardir. |
| There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
Musbat va manfiy zaryadlar o‘rtasidagi farq shundaki, bir xil zaryadli zarralar bir-birini itaradi, qarama-qarshi zaryadli zarralar esa bir-birini tortadi. |
| If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
Agar yolg‘iz musbat proton va manfiy elektron bir-biriga yaqin joylashtirilsa, ular birlashib vodorod atomini hosil qiladi. |
| This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
Ushbu itarilish va tortilish (harakatsiz zaryadlangan zarralar orasidagi kuch) elektrostatik kuch deb ataladi va nazariy jihatdan cheksizlikkacha ta’sir etadi, biroq zarralar orasidagi masofa ortishi bilan kuchi susayadi. |
| When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
Atomda bir yoki bir nechta elektron yetishmasa, u musbat zaryadga ega bo‘ladi; atomda kamida bitta ortiqcha elektron bo‘lsa, u manfiy zaryadga ega bo‘ladi. |
| Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
Musbat yoki manfiy zaryadga ega bo‘lish atomni ionga aylantiradi. |
| Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
Atomlar proton va neytronlarni faqat sintez, bo‘linish (fission) va radioaktiv parchalanish orqali oladi yoki yo‘qotadi. |
| Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
Atomlar ko‘plab zarralardan, jismlar esa ko‘plab atomlardan tashkil topgan bo‘lsa-da, itarilish va tortilish xususiyatlari jihatidan zaryadlangan zarralarga o‘xshash tarzda tutadi. |
| In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
Atomda protonlar va neytronlar birlashib, mustahkam bog‘langan yadro hosil qiladi. |
| This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
Ushbu yadro atrofida masofadan aylanib yuruvchi elektronlarning katta buluti mavjud bo‘lib, ular elektromagnit tortilish (avval muhokama qilingan elektrostatik kuch) orqali protonlarga yaqin tutib turiladi. |
| The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
Elektron buluti bir-birini qoplaydigan qobiqlar / tasmalar ketma-ketligi ko‘rinishida mavjud bo‘lib, ichki valent tasmalari elektronlar bilan to‘la va atomga mahkam bog‘langan. |
| The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
Tashqi o‘tkazuvchanlik tasmalari energiya olib o‘tkazuvchanlik tasmasiga ko‘chgan elektronlardan tashqari, odatda elektronlarni o‘z ichiga olmaydi. |
| With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
Yetarli energiya bilan elektron atomdan chiqib ketadi (buni kosmik raketaning qochish tezligi bilan solishtiring). |
| When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
O‘tkazuvchanlik tasmasidagi elektron sekinlashib boshqa o‘tkazuvchanlik tasmasiga yoki valent tasmasiga tushganda, foton chiqariladi. |
| This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
Bu hodisa fotoelektrik effekt deb ataladi. |
