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- China
- Joined over 1 year ago
- computer science, medical, law
- SDL TRADOS, MemoQ
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Native language:
Chinese
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Top Fields of Expertise
computers (software)
computers (general)
banking
finance
other
My Work
Sample Translation Law
Law Sample Translation
| Source (English) | Target (Chinese) |
|---|---|
| What is “governance”? | 何为“治理”？ |
| The term governance often gives rise to confusion because it is (erroneously) assumed that it must refer solely to acts or duties of the government. | 治理这个术语经常会引起困惑，因为它（错误地）假设治理必须是政府的行为或责任。 |
| Of course, governments do play an important role in many kinds of governance. | 当然，政府在多种治理中都发挥着重要的作用。 |
| However, in fact, the concept is far broader, and extends beyond merely the State. | 但其实这个概念包含的范围很广，远超政府的层面。 |
| For example, we have seen increasing reference recently to the notion of “corporate governance”, a process that involves oversight both by the State and by a host of non-State bodies, including corporations themselves. | 比如最近越来越多提到的“企业治理”的概念，就涉及到了政府和非政府主体的监督 （包含企业自身）。 |
| Don McLean points out that the word governance derives from the Latin word “gubernare”, which refers to the action of steering a ship. | 唐. 麦克林指出，治理这个词发源于拉丁词“ gubernare”，意思是驾驶一艘船的动作。 |
| This etymology suggests a broader definition for governance. | 这个词源暗示了治理更广泛的定义。 |
| One important implication of this broader view is that governance includes multiple tools and mechanisms. | 开阔视野带来了一个重要启示——治理包含了多种工具和机制。 |
| Traditional law and policy are certainly among those mechanisms. | 传统的法律政策当然也属于机制。 |
| However, as we shall see throughout this primer, governance can take place through many other channels. | 但在这个表象之下，治理可以通过许多其他渠道完成。 |
| Technology, social norms, decision-making procedures, and institutional design: all of these are as equally important in governance as law or policy. | 科技、社会规范、决策流程和制度设计在治理中的重要性不亚于法律政策。 |
Sample Translation Medical (Pharmaceuticals)
Medical (Pharmaceuticals) Sample Translation
| Source (English) | Target (Chinese) |
|---|---|
| By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signaling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. | 19世纪90年代，肾上腺提取物对许多不同组织类型的深远影响被发现，引发了对化学信号传递机制的研究，并且努力利用这些观察结果来开发新药物。 |
| The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. | 肾上腺提取物的血压提升和血管收缩作用让外科医生格外感兴趣，它可以用作止血剂和休克药物。一些公司在肾上腺提取物的基础上开发了各种产品，包含不同纯度的活动物质。 |
| In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. | 1897年约翰霍普金斯大学的约翰阿贝尔将主要活性物质确定为肾上腺素，他在硫酸盐的非提纯状态下将其分离出来。 |
| Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. | 工业化学家高峰让吉后来研发了一种提纯肾上腺素的方法，将技术授权给帕克戴维斯公司使用。 |
| Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. | 帕克戴维斯公司以Adrenalin这个商业名称来推广肾上腺素。 |
| Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). | 注射肾上腺素被证实对哮喘发作的急性治疗格外有效，2011年之前在美国还有吸入版（Primatene Mist）售卖。 |
| By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion. | 到1929年，肾上腺素被配制进了吸入剂来治疗鼻塞。 |
| While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. | 虽然非常有效，但注射的方式限制了去甲肾上腺素（需要阐释）的使用，人们开始寻求口服活性衍生药。 |
| A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. | 日本化学家在麻黄这种植物中发现了与肾上腺素的化合物结构非常相似的麻黄素，被命名为Eli Lilly作为哮喘口服用药推广。 |
| Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. | 在布勒斯-维尔康公司的亨利戴尔和乔治巴格工作基础上——化学家戈登·阿莱斯合成了苯丙胺，1929年在哮喘患者中进行了测试。 |
| The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration and palpitations. | 该药物证实只有中等抗哮喘作用，但产生了兴奋和心悸的感觉。 |
| Amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. | 史克美占公司把苯丙胺研制成了鼻减充血剂，商业名称为Benzedrine吸入剂。 |
| Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications. | 苯丙胺最终被研发成了嗜睡症、脑炎后帕金森氏综合征的治疗药物，和抑郁以及其他精神适应症的情绪提升药物。 |
| It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s. | 因为这些用途，1937年它被美国医学会批准加入非官定新药集。直到20世纪60年代三环类抗抑郁药出现之前，它都是常见的抗抑郁药物。 |
Sample Translation Banking
Banking Sample Translation
| Source (English) | Target (Chinese) |
|---|---|
| There are two basic concepts in finance: time-value of money and uncertainty about expectations. | 在金融中有两个基础概念：货币的时间价值和预期的不确定性。 |
| The two concepts are the core of financial valuations, including futures contracts. | 这两个概念是金融估值（包括期货合约）的核心。 |
| cost-of-carry model is the most widely accepted and used for pricing futures contract | 期货合约定价最广泛采用和接受的就是持有成本模型。 |
| Cost-of-carry Model | 持有成本模型 |
| Cost-of-carry model is an arbitrage-free pricing model. | 持有成本模型是一个无套利定价模型。 |
| Its central theme is that futures contract is so priced as to preclude arbitrage profit. | 核心主题是期货合约定价的目的是为了排除套利利润。 |
| In other words, investors will be indifferent to spot and futures market to execute their buying and selling of underlying asset because the prices they obtain are effectively the same. | 换句话说，投资者们执行标的资产买卖时对现货市场和期货市场漠不关心，因为他们获得的价格实际上是相同的。 |
| Expectations do influence the price, but they influence the spot price and, through it, the futures price. | 预期的确会影响价格，但它们影响的是现货价格，再联动影响期货价格。 |
| They do not directly influence the futures price. | 它们不直接影响期货价格。 |
| According to the cost-of-carry model, the futures price is given by Futures price(Fp) = Spot Price(Sp) + Carry Cost(Cc) - Carry Return(Cr) (1) | 根据持有成本模型，期货价格（Fp）=现货价格（Sp）+持有成本（Cc）-持有回报（Cr）（1） |
| Carry cost (CC) is the interest cost of holding the underlying asset (purchased in spot market) until the maturity of futures contract. | 持有成本（CC）是期货到期前持有标的资产（现货市场采购）的利息成本。 |
| Carry return (CR) is the income (e.g., dividend) derived from underlying asset during holding period. | 持有回报（CR）是标的资产持有期间产生的收入（红利）。 |
| Thus, the futures price (F) should be equal to spot price (S) plus carry cost minus carry return. | 因此期货价格（F）应该等于现货价格（S）加持有成本减持有回报。 |
| If it is otherwise, there will be arbitrage opportunities as follows | 如果等式不成立，会有如下的套利机会。 |
| When F > (S + CC - CR): Sell the (overpriced) futures contract, buy the underlying asset in spot market and carry it until the maturity of futures contract. | 当期货价格>（现货价格+持有成本-持有回报）：卖出（价格太高的）期货合约，买入现货市场的标的资产，持有到期货合约到期。 |
| This is called "cash-and-carry" arbitrage. | 这就是“买现卖期”交易套利。 |
| When F < (S + CC - CR): Buy the (under priced) futures contract, short-sell the underlying asset in spot market and invest the proceeds of short-sale until the maturity of futures contract. | 当期货价格<（现货价格+持有成本-持有回报）: 买入（定价过低的）期货合约，在现货市场做空标的资产，投资做空收入买期货直到期货合约到期。 |
| This is called "reverse cash-and-carry" arbitrage. | 这就是“反向买现卖期”套利。 |
Sample Translation Computers (General)
Computers (General) Sample Translation
| Source (English) | Target (Chinese) |
|---|---|
| After the assembly language is created it is necessary to determine how to represent each instruction as a number. | 汇编语言创建之后，需要决定如何用数字来代表每个指令。 |
| This establishes a one-to-one correspondence between each instruction in the assembly language and each instruction code in the set of instruction codes. | 在汇编语言的每个指令和指令代码集中的每个指令代码之间建立一对一的映射。 |
| Converting a program from assembly language to instruction codes is called assembling, and conversion from instruction codes back into assembly language is called disassembling. | 把程序从汇编语言变成指令码的过程叫做汇编，反过来叫反汇编。 |
| Several choices we must make at this point are: | 在这一步我们要做几个选择： |
| What number is used to represent each assembly language instruction? | 用什么数字来代表汇编语言的每个指令？ |
| How are instruction operands encoded? | 指令操作数如何编码？ |
| Are operands part of the instruction word (remember, by word I mean number), or are they separate words (numbers)? | 操作数属于指令字（这里我指的就是数字）还是分开的文字（数字）？ |
| First, to answer the last question, since there are only small numbers of instructions and registers in this VM it should not be very difficult to encode all operands in a single instruction word, even if (for the sake of simplicity) I were to use a 16-bit instruction word. | 首先，回答最后的问题，因为虚拟机只有少量的指令和寄存器，就算（为了简洁）我要用16比特的指令字，在一个单独的指令字中编码所有的操作数应该不会很难。 |
| Thus, a 16-bit number written in hexadecimal has 4 digits, giving us easy access to 4 information fields, each containing 16 variations (0-9 and A-F). | 一个16比特的数字用十六进制来写的话有四位数，因而可以轻松的获得4个信息场，每个都包含了16个变量（0到9和A到F）。 |
| The first digit of a machine word will be the instruction number. | 机器字的第一位就是指令数字。 |
| This gives our VM the potential for having up to 16 different instructions. | 这样虚拟机就能有多达16种不同的指令。 |
| This is a small amount by contemporary standards, but it is plenty for our example virtual machine. | 按现代的标准来看，这个量不大，但对我们示范的虚拟机器来说这可不少。 |
| The next three digits will be used for the operands. | 后面三位数字就是操作数。 |
| These can be used as three 1-digit operands, two operands of 1 and 2 digits, or a single 3-digit operand. | 可以看作三个一位数的操作数或一个一位数的操作数和一个两位数的操作数或者一个三位数的操作数。 |
| Having made these decisions, let us now establish the encoding. | 决定好了之后，现在我们来进行编码。 |
| Recall that we have 16 instruction numbers available. | 回想一下我们有十六个可用的指令数字。 |
| The halt instruction will be instruction 0, and there is an important reason for choosing 0 for this instruction. | 停止指令是0号指令，用0来代表这个指令是有重要原因的。 |
| Since empty space in the computer's memory will most likely be filled with 0s, any run-away program will eventually encounter a 0 and attempt to execute this instruction, immediately halting the program. | 空格在计算机的存储器中极有可能会被显示为0，所有的程序跑飞最终都会遇到一个0并且尝试运行这个指令，然后立刻停止程序。 |
Sample Translation Computers (General)
Computers (General) Sample Translation
| Source (English) | Target (Chinese) |
|---|---|
| Most of your images are probably raster graphics, as vector graphics are less common. | 由于矢量图没那么常见，你的大部分图像可能都是光栅图。 |
| Although there are hundreds of formats to choose from two of the most popular are GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) and TIFF (Tagged Image File Format). | 虽然有几百种格式可以选，最常用的两种还是GIF（图像互换格式）和TIFF（标签图像文件格式）。 |
| Unfortunately these have been caught up in legal issues since 1994 over a Unisys patent on the LZW compression algorithm which both formats use. | 不幸的是1994年之后这两种格式都遇到了法律问题，它们使用的串表压缩算法属于优利系统公司的专利。 |
| These patents have now expired although there is still an IBM patent valid until August 2006. | 这些专利现在都已经过期了，但还有一个IBM的专利有效期至2006年8月。 |
| Thus the GIF and TIFF formats do not currently meet the requirement of being 'free from legal restriction in their use'. | 因此GIF和TIFF格式目前并不符合“使用时不存在法律限制”的要求。 |
| The lossless PNG (Portable Network Graphic) format replaces GIF and has many advantages in quality, size and options (but lacks animation). | 无损的PNG格式（便携网络图形）取代了GIF，在质量、大小和选项方面都有许多优势（但不是动图）。 |
| Most importantly the PNG format is patent free and has been a W3C Recommendation and ISO Standard since 2003. | 最重要的是PNG格式没有专利，从2003年起就被万维网联盟推荐，成为了ISO标准。 |
| Another popular format for raster graphics is the lossy JPEG/JPG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format, which is specially suited to storing photographic images. | 另一种常用的光栅图格式是有损的JPEG/JPG（联合图像专家小组）格式，特别适合存储摄影图像。 |
My Experience
Experience
3 yrs.
Education
- 2014 MA/MS at Beijing International Studies University
China
Available Today
May 2024
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