| A person with MS can have almost any neurological symptom or sign, with autonomic, visual, motor, and sensory problems being the most common. |
多发性硬化症患者可以表现出几乎任何的神经系统症状或体征，最常见的是自主神经、视觉、运动和感官问题。 |
| The specific symptoms are determined by the locations of the lesions within the nervous system, and may include loss of sensitivity or changes in sensation such as tingling, pins and needles or numbness, muscle weakness, blurred vision, very pronounced reflexes, muscle spasms, or difficulty in moving; difficulties with coordination and balance (ataxia); problems with speech or swallowing, visual problems (nystagmus, optic neuritis or double vision), feeling tired, acute or chronic pain, and bladder and bowel difficulties, among others. |
具体症状取决于神经系统内病变的位置，可能包括失去敏感性或感官改变，如刺痛、针刺感或麻痹、肌肉无力、视力模糊、反射非常明显、肌肉痉挛或移动困难；协调和平衡困难（共济失调）；言语或吞咽问题、视觉问题（眼球震颤、视神经炎或复视）、感觉疲累、急性或慢性疼痛以及膀胱和肠道问题等。 |
| Difficulties thinking and emotional problems such as depression or unstable mood are also common. |
难以思考和情绪问题，如抑郁或情绪不稳定也很常见。 |
| Uhthoff's phenomenon, a worsening of symptoms due to exposure to higher than usual temperatures, and Lhermitte's sign, an electrical sensation that runs down the back when bending the neck, are particularly characteristic of MS. The main measure of disability and severity is the expanded disability status scale (EDSS), with other measures such as the multiple sclerosis functional composite being increasingly used in research. |
Uhthoff 现象（暴露于高于平常的温度而导致症状恶化）和 Lhermitte 体征（弯曲颈部时流下背部的电流感）是多发性硬化症的代表特征。 残疾和严重程度的主要衡量标准是扩大残疾状况量表 (EDSS)，其他衡量标准，如多发性硬化功能复合材料（MSFC）越来越广泛地被使用于研究。 |
| The condition begins in 85% of cases as a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) over a number of days with 45% having motor or sensory problems, 20% having optic neuritis, and 10% having symptoms related to brainstem dysfunction, while the remaining 25% have more than one of the previous difficulties. |
85% 的病例在数天内开始出现临床孤立综合征 (CIS)，其中 45% 出现运动或感官问题，20% 出现视神经炎，10% 出现与脑干功能障碍相关的症状，其余 25 % 出现了多个所描述的这些问题。 |
| The course of symptoms occurs in two main patterns initially: either as episodes of sudden worsening that last a few days to months (called relapses, exacerbations, bouts, attacks, or flare-ups) followed by improvement (85% of cases) or as a gradual worsening over time without periods of recovery (10-15% of cases). |
症状的病程起初以两种主要模式出现：持续几天到几个月的突然恶化（称为复发、恶化或发作），然后改善（85% 的病例）或者随着时间的推移逐渐恶化缺没有恢复期（10-15% 的病例）。 |
| A combination of these two patterns may also occur or people may start in a relapsing and remitting course that then becomes progressive later on. |
这两种模式也可能同步发生，既病患陷入一个复发和迂缓的循环，然后逐渐恶化。 |
| Relapses are usually not predictable, occurring without warning. |
复发通常是不可预测的，可能在没有预警的情况下发生。 |
| Exacerbations rarely occur more frequently than twice per year. |
复发的发生频率很少超过每年两次。 |
| Some relapses, however, are preceded by common triggers and they occur more frequently during spring and summer. |
然而，常见的因素容易触发一部分复发，在春季和夏季尤其频繁。 |
| Similarly, viral infections such as the common cold, influenza, or gastroenteritis increase their risk. |
同样的，普通感冒、流感或肠胃炎等病毒感染也会增加复发的风险。 |
| Stress may also trigger an attack. |
压力也可能引起复发。 |
| Women with MS who become pregnant experience fewer relapses; however, during the first months after delivery the risk increases. |
怀孕的多发性硬化症女性复发率较低； 但是，在分娩后的头几个月，风险会增加。 |
| Overall, pregnancy does not seem to influence long-term disability. |
总体而言，怀孕似乎无法改变长期残疾的后果。 |
| Many events have been found not to affect relapse rates including vaccination, breast feeding, physical trauma, and Uhthoff's phenomenon. |
许多行为已被证明不会影响复发率，包括疫苗接种、母乳喂养、身体创伤和 Uhthoff 现象。 |
