The complex situation of Catholicism in Great Britain had results in their Colonies. |
Situasi yang rumit dalam agama Katolik di Great Britain memberi kesan kepada koloni, atau tanah-tanah jajahan mereka. |
At the time of the American revolution, Catholics formed approximately 1.6% of the total American population of the original 13 colonies. |
Pada zaman revolusi Amerika, orang beragama Katolik membentuk kira-kira 1.6% daripada keseluruhan populasi daripada 13 koloni asal. |
If Catholics were seen as potential enemies of the British state, Irish Catholics, subject to British rule, were doubly-damned. |
Sekiranya orang beragama Katolik dianggap sebagai musuh berpotensi kepada negeri British, maka orang beragama Katolik yang berbangsa Irish, yang tertakluk kepada pemerintahan Britain, pastinya lebih-lebih lagi terkutuk. |
In Ireland they had been subject to British domination. |
Di Ireland, mereka berada di bawah dominasi pihak British. |
In America Catholics were still forbidden from settling in some of the colonies. |
Di Amerika, orang beragama Katolik masih dilarang menetap di sesetengah koloni. |
Although the head of their faith dwelt in Rome, they were under the official representation of the Catholic Bishop of the London diocese, one James Talbot. |
Walaupun ketua agama mereka tinggal di Rom, namun mereka secara rasminya diwakili oleh Biskop Katolik kepunyaan kawasan London, yang bernama James Talbot. |
When War began, Bishop Talbot declared his faithfulness to the British Crown. |
Semasa Perang bermula, Biskop Talbot mengisytiharkan kesetiaannya kepada Raja British. |
(If he had done otherwise, Catholics in England would have been in trouble. Anti-Catholic sentiment still ran high.) |
(Sekiranya dia membuat yang sebaliknya, orang beragama Katolik di England akan menghadapi masalah. Sentimen anti-Katolik masih berkobar-kobar.) |
He forbade any Colonial priest to serve Communion. |
Dia melarang mana-mana paderi Kolonial untuk melayan dalam Ibadat Komunion. |
This made practice of the faith impossible. |
Hal ini menjadikan amalan agama itu mustahil. |
This created sympathy for the Colonial rebels. |
Hal ini membangkitkan rasa simpati terhadap pemberontak Kolonial. |
The Continental Army's alliance with the French increased sympathy for the faith. |
Perikatan Angkatan Tentera Benua dengan pihak Perancis menambahkan simpati terhadap agama itu. |
When the French fleet arrived in Newport, Rhode Island, the colony repealed the Act of 1664 and allowed citizenship to Catholics. |
Apabila rombongan kapal Perancis sampai di Newport, Rhode Island, koloni itu membatalkan Akta 1664 dan membenarkan orang Katolik menjadi warganegara. |
(This anticipated the provision of the Constitutional Bill of Rights which would strike anti-Catholic laws from the books.) |
(Hal ini menjadi pendahulu kepada penggubalan Perakuan Hak Perlembagaan yang akan memansuhkan undang-undang anti-Katolik daripada buku hukum.) |
After the war, the Pope created an American Bishop, John Carroll -- a descendant of the same Carrolls who had helped found Maryland -- and an American Diocese communicating directly with Rome. |
Selepas peperangan, Paus melantik seorang Biskop Amerika baru, John Caroll -- keturunan daripada keluarga Caroll yang telah membantu mengasaskan Maryland -- dan sebuah Kawasan Amerika yang berhubung secara langsung dengan Rom. |
The British government commanded General Thomas Gage to enforce the Intolerable Acts and shut down the Massachusetts legislature. |
Kerajaan British mengarahkan Jeneral Thomas Gage agar mengukuhkan Akta Tak Bertoleransi dan menamatkan badan perundangan Massachusetts. |
Gage decided to confiscate a stockpile of colonial arms located in Concord. |
Gage membuat keputusan untuk menyita satu longgokan senjata kolonial yang terletak di Concord. |
On April 19, 1775, Gage's troops marched to Concord. |
Pada 19 April 1775, tentera Gage berarak ke arah Concord. |
On the way, at the town of Lexington, Americans who had been warned in advance by Paul Revere and others of the British movements made an attempt to stop the troops. |
Dalam perjalanan, di pekan Lexington, orang Amerika yang telah diberi amaran lebih awal oleh Paul Revere dan yang lain daripada pergerakan British cuba untuk menghalang pasukan tentera itu. |
No one knows which side fired the first shot, but it sparked battle on Lexington Green between the British and the Minutemen. |
Tidak ada orang yang tahu siapa yang mula-mula melepaskan tembakan, tetapi tercetuslah peperangan di Lexington Green antara pihak British dengan pihak Minutemen. |
Faced against an overwhelmingly superior number of British regular troops in an open field, the Minutemen were quickly routed. |
Berhadapan dengan bilangan tentera British yang jauh lebih banyak dan mahir di kawasan lapang, dalam masa yang singkat sahaja pihak Minutemen telah tumpas. |
Nevertheless, alarms sounded through the countryside. |
Walau bagaimanapun, amaran tersebar ke seluruh kawasan luar bandar itu. |
The colonial militias poured in and were able to launch guerrilla attacks on the British while they marched on to Concord. |
Tentera awam militia kolonial datang berpusu-pusu dan berjaya melancarkan serangan guerila terhadap pihak British ketika mereka terus berarak ke Concord. |
The colonials amassed of troops at Concord. |
Pihak kolonial mengerah tentera di Concord. |
They engaged the British in force there, and they were able to repulse them. |
Mereka memerangi pihak British di situ, dan berjaya menangkis serangan mereka. |
They then claimed the contents of the armory. |
Kemudian mereka menjarah semua senjata dalam gedung senjata. |
The British retreated to Boston under a constant and withering fire from all sides. |
Pihak British berundur ke Boston dan menghadapi tembakan tanpa henti namun semakin lemah dari semua arah. |
Only a reinforcing column with artillery support on the outskirts of Boston prevented the British withdrawal from becoming a total rout. |
Dengan kedatangan satu pasukan askar pengukuhan yang mempunyai bekalan senjata di kawasan luar bandar Boston, barulah pihak British yang berundur itu terelak daripada kekalahan yang sepenuh. |
The following day the British woke up to find Boston surrounded by 20,000 armed colonists, occupying the neck of land extending to the peninsula the city stood on. |
Pada hari berikutnya, pihak British bangun dan mendapati Boston dikepung oleh 20,000 orang koloni yang bersenjata; mereka menduduki tanah dari genting tanah itu sampailah semenanjung tempat terletaknya kota itu. |