The complex situation of Catholicism in Great Britain had results in their Colonies. |
Kerumitan situasi agama Katolik di Great Britain meninggalkan kesan di tanah-tanah jajahannya. |
At the time of the American revolution, Catholics formed approximately 1.6% of the total American population of the original 13 colonies. |
Pada ketika Revolusi Amerika, kira-kira 1.6% daripada jumlah penduduk Amerika di 13 jajahan asal adalah penganut agama Katolik. |
If Catholics were seen as potential enemies of the British state, Irish Catholics, subject to British rule, were doubly-damned. |
Sekiranya penganut Katolik dianggap berkemungkinan menjadi musuh kepada negara British, maka penganut Katolik Ireland di bawah taklukan British ditimpa malang berganda. |
In Ireland they had been subject to British domination. |
Penduduk Ireland selama ini tertakluk kepada penguasaan British. |
In America Catholics were still forbidden from settling in some of the colonies. |
Di Amerika, penganut Katolik masih dilarang menduduki sesetengah jajahan. |
Although the head of their faith dwelt in Rome, they were under the official representation of the Catholic Bishop of the London diocese, one James Talbot. |
Walaupun ketua agamanya bertapak di Rom, namun mereka diwakili secara rasmi oleh Biskop Katolik kawasan London yang bernama James Talbot. |
When War began, Bishop Talbot declared his faithfulness to the British Crown. |
Apabila perang bermula, Biskop Talbot mengaku taat setia kepada Kerajaan British. |
(If he had done otherwise, Catholics in England would have been in trouble. Anti-Catholic sentiment still ran high.) |
(Seandainya tidak, penganut Katolik di England akan ditimpa kesusahan. Sentimen anti-Katolik masih kuat ketika ini.) |
He forbade any Colonial priest to serve Communion. |
Talbot melarang sebarang paderi jajahan daripada mengadakan Perjamuan Suci, |
This made practice of the faith impossible. |
Maka penganut Katolik sukar mengamalkan agama mereka. |
This created sympathy for the Colonial rebels. |
Ini menyebabkan pemberontak jajahan berasa simpati. |
The Continental Army's alliance with the French increased sympathy for the faith. |
Perikatan Angkatan Tentera Benua dengan Perancis meningkatkan lagi simpati kepada golongan Katolik. |
When the French fleet arrived in Newport, Rhode Island, the colony repealed the Act of 1664 and allowed citizenship to Catholics. |
Ketika armada Perancis tiba di Newport, Rhode Island, pihak jajahan menarik balik Akta 1664 dan membenarkan golongan Katolik menerima kewarganegaraan. |
(This anticipated the provision of the Constitutional Bill of Rights which would strike anti-Catholic laws from the books.) |
(Ini mendahului peruntukan Perisytiharan Hak Perlembagaan yang akan memansuhkan undang-undang anti-Katolik.) |
After the war, the Pope created an American Bishop, John Carroll -- a descendant of the same Carrolls who had helped found Maryland -- and an American Diocese communicating directly with Rome. |
Selepas perang, Paus mewujudkan jawatan Biskop Amerika untuk John Carroll, pewaris keluarga Carroll yang menyertai penubuhan Maryland, dan Keuskupan Amerika yang berkomunikasi terus dengan Rom. |
The British government commanded General Thomas Gage to enforce the Intolerable Acts and shut down the Massachusetts legislature. |
Kerajaan British memerintahkan Jeneral Thomas Gage untuk menguatkuasakan Akta Tak Terderita serta membubarkan dewan perundangan Massachusetts. |
Gage decided to confiscate a stockpile of colonial arms located in Concord. |
Gage memutuskan untuk merampas simpanan stok senjata jajahan yang terletak di Concord. |
On April 19, 1775, Gage's troops marched to Concord. |
Pada 19 April 1775, angkatan Gage berarak ke Concord. |
On the way, at the town of Lexington, Americans who had been warned in advance by Paul Revere and others of the British movements made an attempt to stop the troops. |
Dalam perjalanannya di pekan Lexington, penduduk Amerika yang diberi peringatan awal akan kedatangan British oleh Paul Revere dan lain-lain cuba menyekat kemaraan angkatan musuh. |
No one knows which side fired the first shot, but it sparked battle on Lexington Green between the British and the Minutemen. |
Tiada sesiapa tahu pihak yang mana mula-mula menembak, tetapi itulah yang mencetuskan pertempuran antara British dan angkatan Minutemen di Lexington. |
Faced against an overwhelmingly superior number of British regular troops in an open field, the Minutemen were quickly routed. |
Berdepan dengan jumlah askar biasa British yang terlalu ramai di lapangan luas, Minutemen tewas dengan mudah. |
Nevertheless, alarms sounded through the countryside. |
Sungguhpun demikian, seluruh kawasan desa sempat menerima amaran. |
The colonial militias poured in and were able to launch guerrilla attacks on the British while they marched on to Concord. |
Pasukan-pasukan militia jajahan turun padang dan dapat melancarkan serangan gerila terhadap British yang berarak ke arah Concord. |
The colonials amassed of troops at Concord. |
Angkatan jajahan berkumpul ramai-ramai di Concord. |
They engaged the British in force there, and they were able to repulse them. |
Di sanalah mereka bertempur, malah dapat menangkis angkatan British. |
They then claimed the contents of the armory. |
Kemudian mereka merampas seisi gedung senjatanya. |
The British retreated to Boston under a constant and withering fire from all sides. |
Pihak British berundur ke Boston, diaibkan oleh tembakan tanpa putus dari sekeliling. |
Only a reinforcing column with artillery support on the outskirts of Boston prevented the British withdrawal from becoming a total rout. |
Hanya tinggal jajaran bantuan dengan meriam di pinggiran Boston yang mengelakkan British yang undur daripada tumpas sepenuhnya. |
The following day the British woke up to find Boston surrounded by 20,000 armed colonists, occupying the neck of land extending to the peninsula the city stood on. |
Keesokan hari, sebaik sahaja bangun dari tidur tentera British mendapati bandar Boston dikepung oleh 20,000 orang penduduk jajahan bersenjata yang menduduki tanah genting yang menganjur ke arah semenanjung di mana letaknya bandar tersebut. |