| Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
陽子は正の電荷を持ち、電子は陽子の正の電荷を相殺する負の電荷を持ちます。 (Yōshi wa seino denka o mochi, denshi wa yōshi no seino denka o sōsai suru fu no denka o mochimasu.)
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| Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
陽子は正の電荷を持ちます。電子は陽子の正の電荷を相殺する負の電荷を持っています。(Yōshi wa sei no denka o mochimasu. Denshi wa yōshi no sei no denka o sōsai suru fu no denka o motteimasu.)
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| Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
中性子は、陽子と類似した粒子であり、中性の電荷を持っています。(Chūseishi wa, yōshi to ruijishita ryūshi de ari, chūsei no denka o motteimasu.)
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| There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
正の電荷と負の電荷の間には、同じ電荷を持つ粒子同士が反発し、異なる電荷を持つ粒子同士が引き合います。それ以外には正と負の電荷の間には違いはありません。(Sei no denka to fu no denka no aida ni wa, onaji denka o motsu ryūshi dōshi ga hanpatsu shi, kotonaru denka o motsu ryūshi dōshi ga hikiatteimasu. Sore igai ni wa sei to fu no denka no aida ni wa chigai wa arimasen.)
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| If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
| This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
この反発と引力（静止した電荷を持つ粒子間の力）は、静電力として知られており、理論的には無限に広がりますが、粒子間の距離が増加するにつれて弱まっていきます。(Kono hanpatsu to inryoku (seiza shita denka o motsu ryūshi kan no chikara) wa, seidenryoku toshite shirarete ori, riron-teki ni wa mugen ni hirogari masu ga, ryūshi-kan no kyori ga zōka suru ni tsurete yowamatte ikimasu.)
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| When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
当たり前ですが、原子が1つ以上の電子を欠いている場合、正の電荷を持つようになります。逆に、原子が1つ以上の余分な電子を持っている場合、負の電荷を持つようになります。(Atarimae desu ga, genshi ga hitotsu ijō no denshi o kaite iru baai, sei no denka o motsu yō ni narimasu. Gyaku ni, genshi ga hitotsu ijō no yobunna denshi o motte iru baai, fu no denka o motsu yō ni narimasu.)
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| Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
正の電荷または負の電荷を持つことで、原子はイオンとなります。(Sei no denka matawa fu no denka o motsu koto de, genshi wa ion to narimasu.)
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| Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
原子は融合、分裂、および放射性崩壊を通じてのみ陽子と中性子を増減します。(Genshi wa yūgō, bunretsu, oyobi hōshasei hōkai o tsūjite nomi yōshi to chūseishi o zōgen shimasu.)
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| Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
原子は多くの粒子から成り立ち、物体は多くの原子から構成されていますが、反発や引力の振る舞いにおいて、原子は帯電粒子と同様に振る舞います。(Genshi wa ōku no ryūshi kara naritachi, buttai wa ōku no genshi kara kōsei sarete imasu ga, hanpatsu ya inryoku no furumai ni oite, genshi wa taizen ryūshi to dōyō ni furumai shimasu.)
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| In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
原子内では、陽子と中性子が結合して密接に結合した原子核を形成します。(Genshi-nai de wa, yōshi to chūseishi ga ketsugō shite missetsu ni ketsugō shita genshikaku o keisei shimasu.)
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| This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
この原子核は、電磁引力（先ほど説明した静電力）によって陽子に近く保たれつつ、遠くにある電子の広大な雲に取り囲まれています。電子は原子核を周回しており、その距離は遠いです。(Kono genshikaku wa, denji inryoku (saki hodo setsumei shita seidenryoku) ni yotte yōshi ni chikaku tamotsu tsutsu, tōku ni aru denshi no kōdai na kumo ni torimakareteimasu. Denshi wa genshikaku o shūkai shite ori, sono kyori wa tōi desu.)
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| The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
その雲は、重なり合った一連の殻/バンドとして存在し、内部の価電子バンドは電子で満たされ、原子に密接に結びついています。(Sono kumo wa, kasanariau ichiren no kara/bando toshite sonzai shi, naibu no kadenshi bando wa denshi de mitasare, genshi ni missetsu ni musubitsuiteimasu.)
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| The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
外部の伝導バンドには、エネルギーを得て伝導バンドに加速した電子以外の電子は存在しません。(Gai-bu no dendō bando ni wa, enerugī o ete dendō bando ni kasoku shita denshi igai no denshi wa sonzai shimasen.)
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| With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
十分なエネルギーがあれば、電子は原子から脱出することができます（宇宙ロケットの脱出速度と比較してください）。
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| When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
伝導バンドに存在する電子が減速して他の伝導バンドや価電子バンドに落ちると、光子が放出されます。
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| This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
これは光電効果として知られています。(Kore wa kōdenkōka toshite shirareteimasu.)
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