Human rights or civil liberties form a crucial part of a country's constitution and govern the rights of the individual against the state. |
Haki za kibinadamu ama uhuru wa raia husababisha kiungo muhimu katika katiba ya nchi na huthibiti haki za kibinafsi baina ya milki. |
Most jurisdictions, like the United States and France, have a codified constitution, with a bill of rights. |
Maeneo mengi kama Marekani na Ufaransa yamekodi katiba na miswada ya haki. |
A recent example is the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which was intended to be included in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, that failed to be ratified. |
Mfano wa hivi karibuni ni Kifungo cha Haki Muhimu cha Jumuia ya Ulaya ambacho kilinuia kujumulishwa kwenye mkataba wa kuunda katiba ya Ulaya, ambayo haikupitishwa. |
Perhaps the most important example is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights under the UN Charter. |
Pengine mfano muhimu zaidi ni Tangazo la Umoja wa Haki za Kibinadamu chini ya mswada wa Umoja wa Kimataifa. |
These are intended to ensure basic political, social and economic standards that a nation state, or intergovernmental body is obliged to provide to its citizens but many do include its governments. |
Haya yamenuia kuhakikisha msingi kisiasa, jamii na kiuchumi ambao taifa milki, ama mashirika ya kiserikali yalibidi kutoa kwa wananchi wake lakini mengi huhusisha serikali zao. |
Some countries like the United Kingdom have no entrenched document setting out fundamental rights; in those jurisdictions the constitution is composed of statute, case law and convention. |
Nchi zingine kama Uingereza hazina hati zilizotengwa kuashiria haki za jamii kuu; katika maeneo hayo, katiba huhusisha amri, kesi za sheria na mkataba. |
A case named Entick v. Carrington is a constitutional principle deriving from the common law. |
Kesi iitwayo Entick v. Carrington ni kanuni ya kikatiba yatokanayo na sheria ya kawaida. |
John Entick's house was searched and ransacked by Sherriff Carrington. |
Nyumba yake John Entick ilitafutwa na kufukuliwa mizizi naye Sherriff Carrington. |
Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the Earl of Halifax was valid authority, even though there was no statutory provision or court order for it. |
Carrington alisema ya kwamba kibali kutoka kwa waziri wa serikali, Earl wa Halifax ilikuwa mamlaka halali ingawa hakukuwa na mswada wa kisheria ama agizo la mahakama kwa jambo hilo. |
The court, led by Lord Camden stated that, |
Koti, ikiongozwa na Lord Camden ilisema ya kwamba, |
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property. That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole. By the laws of England, every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass... If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment." |
"Mwisho kubwa, ambao watu waliingia katika jamii, ulikuwa ni kupata mali. haki hiyo ilihifadhiwa takatifu na isiyoelezeka kwa njia yoyote, ambapo haijanyakuliwa wala kuwa katika sheria ya jamii kwa uzuri wa wote. Kwa sheria za Uingereza, kila uvamizi wa mali binafsi, iwapo ni ndogo kiasi kipi, ni hatia... Kama hapapatikani au kutolewa sababu, kimya cha vitabu ni mamlaka dhidi ya mshtakiwa na mhusika ni lazima apate hukumu." |