The complex situation of Catholicism in Great Britain had results in their Colonies. |
Situasi yang sukar dalam Katolik di Britain telah memberi kesan dalam penjajahan mereka . |
At the time of the American revolution, Catholics formed approximately 1.6% of the total American population of the original 13 colonies. |
Pada zaman revolusi Amerika , Katolik telah dianggarkan membentuk kira-kira 1.6% daripada jumlah populasi Amerika dalam 13 penjajahan asli. |
If Catholics were seen as potential enemies of the British state, Irish Catholics, subject to British rule, were doubly-damned. |
Jika Katolik dilihat sebagai musuh berpotensi kepada warga negeri British , Katolik warga Ireland tertakluk kepada Britiain sebanyak dua kali ganda. |
In Ireland they had been subject to British domination. |
Di Ireland , mereka tertakluk kepada penguasaan Britain. |
In America Catholics were still forbidden from settling in some of the colonies. |
Di Amerika, penganut Katolik adalah dilarang daripada menduduki beberapa daerah jajahan. |
Although the head of their faith dwelt in Rome, they were under the official representation of the Catholic Bishop of the London diocese, one James Talbot. |
Walaupun ketua agama mereka tinggal di Rom, mereka berada di bawah perwakilan rasmi Paderi Katolik berpusat di London, James Talbot. |
When War began, Bishop Talbot declared his faithfulness to the British Crown. |
Apabila perang telah bermula, Paderi Talbot telah mengishtiharkan kesetiannya kepada Istana Britain. |
(If he had done otherwise, Catholics in England would have been in trouble. Anti-Catholic sentiment still ran high.) |
(Sekiranya dia melakukan sebaliknya, orang Katolik di England akan mengalami masalah. Sentimen anti-Katolik masih tinggi.) |
He forbade any Colonial priest to serve Communion. |
Dia telah melarang mubaligh daripada berkhidmat dengan Komunis. |
This made practice of the faith impossible. |
Ini menjadikan amalan menurut kepercayaan adalah mustahil. |
This created sympathy for the Colonial rebels. |
Ini mewujudkan simpati bagi pemberontak penjajah . |
The Continental Army's alliance with the French increased sympathy for the faith. |
Perikatan Tentara Bersekutu dengan Perancis meningkatkan simpati untuk keimanan. |
When the French fleet arrived in Newport, Rhode Island, the colony repealed the Act of 1664 and allowed citizenship to Catholics. |
Ketika gerombolan tentera Perancis tiba di Newport, Rhode Island, penjajah itu memansuhkan Akta 1664 dan membenarkan kewarganegaraan kepada penganut Katolik. |
(This anticipated the provision of the Constitutional Bill of Rights which would strike anti-Catholic laws from the books.) |
(Ini menjangkakan peruntukan Bil Undang-undang Perlembagaan yang akan menyerang undang-undang anti-Katolik dari buku-buku tersebut.) |
After the war, the Pope created an American Bishop, John Carroll -- a descendant of the same Carrolls who had helped found Maryland -- and an American Diocese communicating directly with Rome. |
Selepas perang, Paderi melantik Paderi Amerika, John Carroll - keturunan Carrolls yang sama yang telah membantu menemui Maryland - dan Paderi Amerika berkomunikasi secara langsung dengan Rom. |
The British government commanded General Thomas Gage to enforce the Intolerable Acts and shut down the Massachusetts legislature. |
Kerajaan British memerintahkan Jeneral Thomas Gage untuk menguatkuasakan Akta yang Tidak Bertoleransi dan menghapuskan perundangan Massachusetts. |
Gage decided to confiscate a stockpile of colonial arms located in Concord. |
Gage memutuskan untuk merampas simpanan senjata penjajah yang terletak di Concord. |
On April 19, 1775, Gage's troops marched to Concord. |
Pada 19 April 1775, pasukan Gage berarak ke Concord. |
On the way, at the town of Lexington, Americans who had been warned in advance by Paul Revere and others of the British movements made an attempt to stop the troops. |
Dalam perjalanan, di bandar Lexington, orang Amerika yang telah diingatkan terlebih dahulu oleh Paul Revere dan orang lain dari gerakan British membuat percubaan untuk menghentikan tentera di bandar Lexington. |
No one knows which side fired the first shot, but it sparked battle on Lexington Green between the British and the Minutemen. |
Tiada siapa yang tahu pasukan mana yang melepaskan tembakan pertama, tetapi ia mencetuskan pertempuran di Lexington Green antara British dan Minutemen. |
Faced against an overwhelmingly superior number of British regular troops in an open field, the Minutemen were quickly routed. |
Berhadapan dengan jumlah pasukan tentera Britain yang terlalu ramai di padang terbuka, para Minutemen dapat digagalkan dengan cepat. |
Nevertheless, alarms sounded through the countryside. |
Walau bagaimanapun, penggera dibunyikan melalui kawasan pedalaman. |
The colonial militias poured in and were able to launch guerrilla attacks on the British while they marched on to Concord. |
Pasukan tentera penjajah dikerah masuk dan dapat melancarkan serangan gerila ke atas British ketika mereka berarak ke Concord. |
The colonials amassed of troops at Concord. |
Para penjajah mengumpulkan pasukan di Concord. |
They engaged the British in force there, and they were able to repulse them. |
Mereka memerangi British secara paksa di sana, dan mereka mampu menahan mereka. |
They then claimed the contents of the armory. |
Mereka kemudian mendapatkan peralatan senjata itu. |
The British retreated to Boston under a constant and withering fire from all sides. |
The British berundur ke Boston di bawah serangan daripada semua pihak. |
Only a reinforcing column with artillery support on the outskirts of Boston prevented the British withdrawal from becoming a total rout. |
Hanya satu lajur dikuatkan dengan sokongan tentera darat di pinggir Boston menghalang pengunduran British daripada menjadi kalah keseluruhan. |
The following day the British woke up to find Boston surrounded by 20,000 armed colonists, occupying the neck of land extending to the peninsula the city stood on. |
Keesokan harinya, tentera British bangun dan mendapati Boston telah dikelilingi oleh 20,000 penjajah bersenjata, yang menduduki dari pangkal ke hujung tanah yang luas di mana semenanjung kota itu berdiri. |