| The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fiber, fats, protein, and water. |
Makronutrisi terdiri daripada karbohidrat, serat, lemak, protein dan air |
| The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. |
Makronutrisi (tidak termasuk serat dan air) memberikan bahan struktur (asid amino dari protein dan lipid dari membran sel dan molekul isyarat) dan tenaga. |
| Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories (often called "Calories" and written with a capital C to distinguish them from little 'c' calories). |
Sebahagian daripada bahan struktur boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga secara dalaman dan diukur mengikut Joules atau kilocalori (sering dipanggil "Calorie) dan ditulis dengan huruf C besar untuk membezakan dengan huruf 'c' kecil). |
| Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram, though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. |
Karbohidrat dan protein menghasilkan kira-kira 17 kJ (4 kcal) tenaga per gram manakala lemak menghasilkan 37 kJ (9kcal) per gram. Tenaga net bergantung kepada beberapa faktor seperti tahap penyerapan dan penghadaman yang berubah secara ketara dari semasa ke semasa. |
| Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. |
Vitamin, zat galian, serat dan air tidak memberikan tenaga namun diperlukan untuk tujuan lain. |
| Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. |
Molekul karbohidrat dan lemak terdiri daripada atom karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen. |
| Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). |
Jenis-jenis karbohidrat antaranya ialah monosakarida ringkas (glukosa, fruktos, galaktos) dan polisakarida kompleks (kanji). |
| Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. |
Lemak ialah trigliserida yang terdiri daripada monomer asid lemak tersusun yang terikat dengan tunjang gliserol. |
| Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. |
Sesetengah asid lemak walaupun bukan semua, penting dalam pemakanan: ianya tidak boleh disintesiskan dalam badan. |
| Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. |
Molekul protein mengandungi atom nitrogen selain karbon, oksigen dan hidrogen. |
| The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids, some of which are essential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. |
Komponen asas protein adalah amino acid yang mengandungi nitrogen penting kerana badan manusia tidak mampu menghasilkannya. |
| Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production, just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as gluconeogenesis. |
Beberapa jenis asid amino boleh ditukar (dengan mengeluarkan tenaga) kepada glukosa dan boleh digunakan untuk penghasilan tenaga sebagai glukosa biasa. Proses ini dikenali sebagai gluconeogenesis. |
| By breaking down existing protein, the carbon skeleton of the various amino acids can be metabolized to intermediates in cellular respiration; the remaining ammonia is discarded primarily as urea in urine. |
Dengan memecahkan protein sedia ada, skeleton karbon untuk pelbagai jenis asid amino boleh dimetabolisasikan kepada pertengahan dalam pernafasan selular; baki ammonia akan disingkirkan sebagai urea dalam air kencing. |
| This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation. |
Perkara ini biasa berlaku semasa kebuluran berpanjangan. |
