| The definition of health has evolved over time. |
Ibisobanuro by’ijambo ubuzima byagiye bihinduka uko imyaka yagiye ishira. |
| In keeping with the biomedical perspective, early definitions of health focused on the theme of the body's ability to function; health was seen as a state of normal function that could be disrupted from time to time by disease. |
Bijyanye n’uko ubuzima bwafatwaga mu buryo bwa gihanga, ibisobanuro bya mbere by’ubuzima byibandaga ku bushobozi bw’umubiri bwo gukora neza; ubuzima bwafatwaga nk’imimerere isanzwe y’imikorere y’umubiri ishobora guhungabanywa rimwe na rimwe n’indwara. |
| An example of such a definition of health is: "a state characterized by anatomic, physiologic, and psychological integrity; ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability to deal with physical, biologic, psychological, and social stress". |
Urugero rw’iyo bisobanuro bw’ubuzima ni uru: “imimerere irangwa n’ubumwe bw’inyubakubuzima, imikorere y’umubiri , n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe ; ubushobozi bwo kuzuza inshingano umuntu aha agaciro mu muryango, ku kazi no mu muryango mugari; ndetse n’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibibazo by’umubiri, iby’ubuzima, ibitekerezo n’imibanire mu muryango nyarwanda.” |
| Then, in 1948, in a radical departure from previous definitions, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a definition that aimed higher, linking health to well-being, in terms of "physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity". |
Hanyuma, mu mwaka wa 1948, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS/WHO) ryatangaje igisobanuro gishya cy’ubuzima, gitandukanye cyane n’ibyari bisanzwe. Iryo somo ryashakaga kugera kure kurushaho, rihuza ubuzima n’imibereho myiza, riti: “Ubuzima si ukutagira indwara cyangwa intege nke gusa, ahubwo ni imibereho myiza ku mubiri, mu mutwe no mu mibanire n’abandi.” |
| Although this definition was welcomed by some as being innovative, it was also criticized as being vague, excessively broad, and was not construed as measurable. |
Nubwo iri somo ry’ubuzima ryakiriwe neza na bamwe kubera ko ryari rishya kandi rihanga udushya, rinengwa na bamwe bavuga ko ritari risobanutse neza, ko ryari rinini cyane mu bisobanuro, kandi ko ritashoboraga gupimwa mu buryo bufatika. |
| For a long time it was set aside as an impractical ideal and most discussions of health returned to the practicality of the biomedical model. |
Mu gihe kirekire, iryo somo ry’ubuzima ryashyizwe ku ruhande rifatwa nk’icyifuzo kidashoboka mu bikorwa, maze ibiganiro byinshi ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bisubira ku buryo bworoshye gushyirwa mu bikorwa bwari bushingiye ku cyitegererezo cya gihanga. |
| Just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to thinking of it as a process, the same shift happened in definitions of health. |
Nk’uko habaye impinduka mu myumvire y’indwara, aho yavuye gufatwa nk’imimerere igihari igatangira gufatwa nk’urugendo, ni nako byagenze no ku bisobanuro by’ubuzima, nabyo byanyuzemo iyo mpinduka. |
| Again, the WHO played a leading role when it fostered the development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. |
Nanone, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS/WHO) ryagize uruhare rukomeye ubwo ryatezaga imbere ihuriro ryita ku guteza imbere ubuzima mu myaka ya 1980. |
| This brought in a new conception of health, not as a state, but in dynamic terms of resiliency, in other words, as "a resource for living". |
Ibi byazanye igitekerezo gishya ku bijyanye n’ubuzima, aho butagifatwa nk’imimerere ihamye, ahubwo bukajya bufatwa nk’urugendo ruhoraho rugaragaza ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibihe bigoye, mu yandi magambo, “ubuzima” bwatangiye gufatwa nk’umutungo w’ingirakamaro mu mibereho ya buri munsi. |
| The 1984 WHO revised definition of health defined it as "the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept, emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities". |
Irisobanuro ry’ubuzima ryasubiwemo n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS/WHO) mu mwaka wa 1984, ryasobanuraga ubuzima nk’“urwego umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa itsinda ry’abantu bishoborera kugeraho mu kurangiza ibyifuzo byabo no guhaza ibyo bakeneye, ndetse no guhindura cyangwa guhangana n’ibidukikije bibagose. Ubuzima ni umutungo ukoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi, si cyo kigamijwe mu buzima ubundi; ni igitekerezo cyubaka, gishyira imbere umutungo w’imibanire n’uwo umuntu afite ku giti cye, ndetse n’ubushobozi bw’umubiri.” |
| Thus, health referred to the ability to maintain homeostasis and recover from insults. |
Bityo rero, ubuzima bwajyaga busobanurwa nk’ubushobozi bwo kubungabunga ihuriro ry’imikorere y’umubiri (homeostasis) no kugarura ubuzima mu gihe bwahungabanyijwe n’ibibazo cyangwa indwara. |
| Mental, intellectual, emotional, and social health referred to a person's ability to handle stress, to acquire skills, to maintain relationships, all of which form resources for resiliency and independent living |
Ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, ubw’ubwenge, ubw’amarangamutima, ndetse n’ubumwe mu mibanire n’abandi byajyaga bisobanurwa nk’ubushobozi umuntu afite bwo guhangana n’umunaniro (stress), kwiga no kugira ubumenyi, no kubungabunga umubano n’abandi byose hamwe bikaba ari umutungo w’ingenzi wifashishwa mu kwihangana no kubaho wigenga. |
