| Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
原子是保留物质特性的最小物质粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成. |
| Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
质子带正电荷，电子带负电荷，负电荷可抵消质子的正电荷。 |
| Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
中子是一种与质子相似但带中性电荷的粒子。 |
| There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，只是同种电荷的粒子相互排斥，异种电荷的粒子相互吸引。 |
| If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
如果将一个单独的正质子和负电子放置在彼此附近，它们就会聚集在一起形成一个氢原子。 |
| This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
这种排斥力和吸引力（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上可以延伸到无穷大，但随着粒子之间距离的增加而被削弱。 |
| When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
当原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带正电荷，而当原子至少有一个额外的电子时，它会带负电荷。 |
| Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
带有正电荷或负电荷会使原子成为离子。 |
| Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
原子只能通过聚变、裂变和放射性衰变获得和失去质子和中子。 |
| Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体也由许多原子组成，但它们在排斥和吸引方面的行为与带电粒子相似。 |
| In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
在原子中，质子和中子结合形成紧密结合的原子核。 |
| This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
原子核周围环绕着大量电子，这些电子在远处绕着原子核旋转，但由于电磁吸引力（前面讨论过的静电力）而被束缚在质子附近。 |
| The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
云以一系列重叠的壳/带的形式存在，其中内部价带充满电子并与原子紧密结合。 |
| The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
外导带不包含任何电子，除了那些通过获得能量而加速到导带的电子。 |
| With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
只要有足够的能量，电子就会逃离原子（与太空火箭的逃逸速度相比）。 |
| When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，就会发射光子。 |
| This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
这就是所谓的光电效应。 |
