| Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
原子是保留物質特性的物質中最小的粒子，由質子、電子和中子組成。 |
| Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
質子具有正電荷，電子具有負電荷，抵消質子的正電荷。 |
| Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
中子是類似於質子的粒子，但具有中性電荷。 |
| There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
正電荷和負電荷之間沒有區別，除了具有相同電荷的粒子相互排斥，而具有相反電荷的粒子相互吸引。 |
| If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
如果一個孤立的正質子和負電子彼此靠近，它們會聚集在一起形成一個氫原子。 |
| This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
這種斥力和吸引力（靜止帶電粒子之間的力）被稱為靜電力，理論上延伸到無窮大，但隨著粒子之間的距離增加而稀釋。 |
| When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
當一個原子有一個或多個缺失的電子時，它會留下一個正電荷，當一個原子至少有一個額外的電子時，它會有一個負電荷。 |
| Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
具有正電荷或負電荷使原子成為離子。 |
| Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
原子只能通過融合，裂變和放射性衰變來獲得和失去質子和中子。 |
| Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
雖然原子是由許多粒子組成的，而物體是由許多原子組成的，但它們的行為與帶電粒子在排斥和吸引方面的行為類似。 |
| In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
在原子中，質子和中子結合在一起形成一個緊密結合的原子核。 |
| This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
這個原子核被一個巨大的電子雲包圍著，圍繞著它的距離，但通過電磁吸引（前面討論的靜電力）在質子附近保持。 |
| The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
雲以一系列重疊的殼/帶的形式存在，其中內部價帶充滿電子並與原子緊密結合。 |
| The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
外部傳導帶不包含電子，除了那些通過獲得能量加速到傳導帶的電子。 |
| With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
有了足夠的能量，電子就能逃離原子（與太空火箭的逃逸速度相比）。 |
| When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
當傳導帶中的電子減速並落到另一個傳導帶或價帶時，就會發出光子。 |
| This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
這被稱為光電效應。 |
