| Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
原子，保留物质性质的物质最小颗粒由质子，电子和中子组成。 |
| Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
质子具有正电荷，电子具有抵消质子正电荷的负电荷。 |
| Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
中子是与质子相似但具有中性电荷的粒子。 |
| There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
正电荷和负电荷之间没有差异，除了具有相同电荷的颗粒彼此排斥并且具有相反电荷的颗粒彼此吸引。 |
| If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
如果孤立的正质子和负电子彼此靠近放置，它们就会聚在一起形成氢原子。 |
| This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
这种排斥和吸引力（固定带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上延伸到无穷大，但是随着颗粒之间的距离增加而被稀释。 |
| When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
当原子具有一个或多个缺失的电子时，它会带有正电荷，当原子具有至少一个额外的电子时，它具有负电荷。 |
| Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
具有正电荷或负电荷使原子成为离子。 |
| Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
原子只能通过融合，裂变和放射性衰变获得和失去质子和中子。 |
| Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
尽管原子由许多颗粒制成，物体由许多原子制成，但它们在带电粒子的排斥和吸引方面表现相似。 |
| In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
在原子中，质子和中子结合形成紧密结合的核。 |
| This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
这个核包围着一大堆电子，它们绕着它一个距离，但是通过电磁吸引（前面讨论的静电力）保持在质子附近。 |
| The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
云存在于一系列重叠的壳/带中，其中内价带被电子填充并且紧密地结合到原子上。 |
| The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
除了通过增加能量加速到导带的外导体外，外导带不含电子。 |
| With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
有足够的能量，电子将逃离原子（与太空火箭的逃逸速度相比）。 |
| When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
当导带中的电子减速并且下降到另一导带或价带时发射光子。 |
| This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
这被称为光电效应。 |
