| What is “governance”? |
什么是治理？ |
| The term governance often gives rise to confusion because it is (erroneously) assumed that it must refer solely to acts or duties of the government. |
术语“治理”经常引起混淆，因为总会(错误地)假定其概念一定仅指政府的行为或职责。 |
| Of course, governments do play an important role in many kinds of governance. |
当然，政府在各种治理中起到重要作用。 |
| However, in fact, the concept is far broader, and extends beyond merely the State. |
然而，事实上，这个概念要宽泛得多，不仅仅局限于国家。 |
| For example, we have seen increasing reference recently to the notion of “corporate governance”, a process that involves oversight both by the State and by a host of non-State bodies, including corporations themselves. |
例如，近来有越来越多的人提到“公司治理”的概念，是指一个过程——涉及国家和许多非国家机构(包括公司本身)的监督。 |
| Don McLean points out that the word governance derives from the Latin word “gubernare”, which refers to the action of steering a ship. |
唐·麦克林指出，治理一词来源于拉丁语“gubernare”，指的是操纵船只的行为。 |
| This etymology suggests a broader definition for governance. |
这个词源暗示了治理的引申含义。 |
| One important implication of this broader view is that governance includes multiple tools and mechanisms. |
引申义中有一个重要的含义，治理包含了多种工具和机制。 |
| Traditional law and policy are certainly among those mechanisms. |
传统意义上所指的法律和政策当然属于这些机制范畴之中。 |
| However, as we shall see throughout this primer, governance can take place through many other channels. |
然而，正如我们在本基础教程中看到的，有许多渠道需要运用治理。 |
| Technology, social norms, decision-making procedures, and institutional design: all of these are as equally important in governance as law or policy. |
技术、社会行为准则、决策程序和制度设计:所有这些在治理领域与法律或政策起到同等重要作用。 |
| If you` re going to build a successful business, it`s useful to have a basic understanding of what people want. The. Most well-known general theory of what people want is called “Maslow`s hierarchy of needs,” proposed by the psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. Maslow`s theory was that people progress through five general stages in the pursuit of what they want: physiology, safety, belongingness/love, esteem, and self-actualization. Physiology represents the “lowest” level of human need, while self-actualization (the exploration of a person`s innate potential) is the “highest”
In Maslow`s hierarchy, each lower-level need must be met before a person can focus on higher-order needs. If you don`t have enough food, or you`re in physical danger, you `re probably not paying too much attention to how much other people like you or how much personal growth you`re experiencing.
In practice, I prefer Clayton Alderfer`s version of Maslow`s hierarchy, which he called “ERG theory”: people seek existence, relatedness, and growth, in that order. When people have what they need to survive, they move on to making friends and finding mates. When they` re satisfied with their relationships, they focus on doing things they enjoy and improving their skills in things that interest them. First existence, then relatedness, then growth.
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核心人力驱动
如果你要建立一个成功的企业，对人们想要什么有一个基本的了解是很有用的。的。心理学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛(Abraham Maslow)在1943年提出了“马斯洛需求层次理论”(Maslow’s hierarchy of needs)，这是关于人们想要什么的最著名的理论。马斯洛的理论认为，人们在追求自己想要的东西的过程中，一般会经历五个阶段:生理、安全、归属感/爱、尊重和自我实现。生理学代表了人类需求的“最低”水平，而自我实现(探索一个人的先天潜能)是“最高”水平
在马斯洛层次理论中，每个较低层次的需求都必须先得到满足，然后才能专注于更高层次的需求。如果你没有足够的食物，或者你正处于身体危险之中，你可能不会太注意别人有多喜欢你，或者你的个人成长有多快。
在实践中，我更喜欢克莱顿·奥尔德弗(Clayton Alderfer)的马斯洛层次理论，他称之为“ERG理论”:人们按照这个顺序寻求存在、联系和成长。当人们拥有生存所需要的东西时，他们就会转而去交朋友和寻找伴侣。当他们对自己的人际关系感到满意时，他们会专注于做自己喜欢的事情，并在自己感兴趣的事情上提高自己的技能。首先是存在，然后是关联，然后是成长。
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| Economically valuable skills
If you want to improve your value as a businessperson, focus on improving skills directly related to the five parts of every business.
Not every skill or area of knowledge is economically valuable, and that`s okay—there are many things worth pursuing for the sake of relaxation or enjoyment alone. You may enjoy whitewater rafting, but it`s very unlikely anyone will pay you to shoot the rapids unless you apply your skills for the benefit of others Make the leap from personal enjoyment to Products and Services(discussed later), however, and you`ll find yourself getting paid—plenty of adventurous souls are willing to pay for rafting equipment and guides.
As Michael Masterson suggests in Ready, Fire, Aim, don`t expect skills that aren`t related to the five parts of every business to be economically rewarded. Find a way to use them to create Economic Value, and you`ll inevitably find a way to get paid.
And skill or knowledge that helps you create value, markets, sell, deliver value, or manage finances is Economically Valuable—accordingly, these are the topics we`ll discuss the book.
Don’t go around saying the world owes you a living. The world owes you nothing-it was here first.
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在经济上有价值的技能
如果你想要提高你作为一个商人的价值，专注于提高与每项业务的五个部分直接相关的技能。
并不是每一种技能或知识领域都有经济价值，这是可以接受的——有许多事情值得追求，只是为了放松或享受。你可能喜欢白水漂流,但很可能有人给你拍摄水流湍急,除非你运用你的技能,造福他人使从个人享受产品和服务(稍后讨论),然而,你会发现自己越来越paid-plenty冒险的灵魂是愿意支付漂流设备和导游。
正如迈克尔•马斯特森(Michael Masterson)在《就绪》(Ready)、《开火》(Fire)和《瞄准》(Aim)一书中所建议的那样，不要指望与每项业务的五个部分无关的技能能获得经济回报。找到一种利用它们创造经济价值的方法，你将不可避免地找到一种获得报酬的方法。
帮助你创造价值、市场、销售、传递价值或管理财务的技能或知识在经济上是有价值的——相应地，这些是我们将在本书中讨论的主题。
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