| Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. |
晶体学是一门确定原子在固体中排列的实验科学。 |
| In older usage, it is the scientific study of crystals. |
在较古老的应用中，它是研究晶体的科学。 |
| Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography (see below), the study of crystals was based on the geometry of the crystals. |
在X-射线衍射晶体学（见下文）发展之前，晶体的研究是基于晶体的几何形状。 |
| This involves measuring the angles of crystal faces relative to theoretical reference axes (crystallographic axes), and establishing the symmetry of the crystal in question. |
这涉及到测量晶体面相对于理论参考轴（晶轴）的角度，并建立所讨论的晶体的对称性。 |
| The former is carried out using a goniometer. |
做到前者需要利用一个测角器。 |
| The position in 3D space of each crystal face is plotted on a stereographic net, e.g. Wolff net or Lambert net. |
将各结晶面在三维空间中的位置在立体网上作图，例如武尔夫网 （Wolff Net) 或兰伯特(Lambert net) 网。 |
| In fact, the pole to each face is plotted on the net. |
事实上，极点到每个面绘制在网。 |
| Each point is labelled with its Miller index. |
每个点都标有其密勒指数 |
| The final plot allows the symmetry of the crystal to be established. |
最后的作图允许建立晶体的对称性。 |
| Crystallographic methods now depend on the analysis of the diffraction patterns that emerge from a sample that is targeted by a beam of some type. |
现在晶体学方法依赖於分析从由某种类型的光束射向样品中出现的衍射图案。 |
| The beam is not always electromagnetic radiation, even though X-rays are the most common choice. |
光束并不总是电磁辐射，尽管X射线是最常见的选择。 |
| For some purposes electrons or neutrons are used, which is possible due to the wave properties of the particles. |
由于子粒的波动性，为了某些目的，可能使用电子或中子。 |
| Crystallographers often explicitly state the type of illumination used when referring to a method, as with the terms X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction. |
晶体学家常明确说明用于发光的类型所指的是一个方法时，如用术语X射线衍射，中子衍射和电子衍射。 |
| These three types of radiation interact with the specimen in different ways. |
这三种类型的辐射以不同的方式与样品进行交互作用。 |
| X-rays interact with the spatial distribution of the valence electrons, while electrons are charged particles and therefore feel the total charge distribution of both the atomic nuclei and the surrounding electrons. |
X射线与价电子的空间分布进行交互作用，而电子是带电粒子，因此感觉到原子核和周围电子两者的总电荷分布。 |
| Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei through the strong nuclear forces, but in addition, the magnetic moment of neutrons is non-zero. |
中子被强大的原子核核力散射，但此外，中子的磁矩是非零。 |
| They are therefore also scattered by magnetic fields. |
因此它们也被磁场散射。 |
| Because of these different forms of interaction, the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies. |
因为这些不同形式的交互作用，这三个类型的辐射适合于不同的晶体学研究。 |
